Jeremiah Chapter 31 — The Promise of a New Covenant
God promises to restore the people of Israel and Judah, establishing a New Covenant based on internal transformation and forgiveness.
1“At that time,” says the LORD, “I will be the God of all the families of Israel, and they will be my people.”
2The LORD says, “The people who survive the sword found favor in the wilderness; even Israel, when I went to cause him to rest.”
3The LORD appeared of old to me, saying,
4I will build you again,
5Again you will plant vineyards on the mountains of Samaria.
6For there will be a day that the watchmen on the hills of Ephraim cry,
7For the LORD says,
8Behold, I will bring them from the north country,
9They will come with weeping.
10“Hear the LORD’s word, you nations,
11For the LORD has ransomed Jacob,
12They will come and sing in the height of Zion,
13Then the virgin will rejoice in the dance,
14I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness,
15The LORD says:
16The LORD says:
17There is hope for your latter end,” says the LORD.
18“I have surely heard Ephraim grieving thus,
19Surely after that I was turned.
20Is Ephraim my dear son?
21“Set up road signs.
22How long will you go here and there,
23The LORD of Armies, the God of Israel, says: “Yet again they will use this speech in the land of Judah and in its cities, when I reverse their captivity: ‘The LORD bless you, habitation of righteousness, mountain of holiness.’
24Judah and all its cities will dwell therein together, the farmers, and those who go about with flocks.
25For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every sorrowful soul.”
26On this I awakened, and saw; and my sleep was sweet to me.
27“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man and with the seed of animal.
28It will happen that, like as I have watched over them to pluck up and to break down and to overthrow and to destroy and to afflict, so I will watch over them to build and to plant,” says the LORD.
29“In those days they will say no more,
30But everyone will die for his own iniquity. Every man who eats the sour grapes, his teeth will be set on edge.
31“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah,
32not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, which covenant of mine they broke, although I was a husband to them,” says the LORD.
33“But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days,” says the LORD:
34They will no longer each teach his neighbor,
35The LORD, who gives the sun for a light by day,
36“If these ordinances depart from before me,” says the LORD,
37The LORD says: “If heaven above can be measured,
38“Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that the city will be built to the LORD from the tower of Hananel to the gate of the corner.
39The measuring line will go out further straight onward to the hill Gareb, and will turn toward Goah.
40The whole valley of the dead bodies and of the ashes, and all the fields to the brook Kidron, to the corner of the horse gate toward the east, will be holy to the LORD. It will not be plucked up or thrown down any more forever.”
WEB Translation
Notable Verses
Jeremiah 31:3
“The LORD appeared of old to me, saying, “Yes, I have loved you with an everlasting love; therefore with loving kindness I have drawn you.””
This verse emphasizes the enduring and unconditional nature of God's commitment to His people.
Jeremiah 31:31
““Behold, the days come,” says the LORD, “that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah,””
This is one of the most significant theological turning points in the Old Testament, introducing the concept of a New Covenant.
Jeremiah 31:34
““They will no longer each teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD;’ for they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest of them,” says the LORD: “for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more.””
It highlights the personal and universal access to God and the complete forgiveness promised under the New Covenant.
Chapter Summary
Jeremiah 31 shifts the tone of the book from judgment to profound hope and restoration. God declares His everlasting love for Israel, promising to bring the exiles back from distant lands to enjoy prosperity and peace in their own vineyards. The chapter includes the poignant image of Rachel weeping for her children, which is met by God's comfort and the assurance of their return. Central to this chapter is the announcement of a 'New Covenant.' Unlike the previous covenant made at Sinai, this one is characterized by an internal transformation where God writes His law directly on the hearts of the people. This ensures a personal knowledge of God for everyone, from the least to the greatest. The chapter concludes with the guarantee that as long as the celestial order of the sun and moon remains, Israel will continue as a nation before God, and Jerusalem will be rebuilt as a holy city that will never again be overthrown.
Frequently Asked Questions
The New Covenant is a promise from God to establish a new kind of relationship with His people. Unlike the previous law written on stone tablets, this covenant involves God writing His instructions directly onto the hearts of individuals, leading to a personal knowledge of Him and the total forgiveness of their sins.
Rachel is a matriarch of Israel whose weeping represents the collective grief of mothers as their children were taken into exile. God responds to this sorrow with comfort, promising that there is hope for her future and that her children will eventually return from the land of their enemies.
The chapter explains that people will no longer be judged solely for the sins of their ancestors. It uses the proverb of 'sour grapes' to illustrate that each individual will be held accountable for their own iniquity, rather than the children suffering for the fathers' actions.
Study Note
The term 'New Covenant' (Hebrew: Berit Chadashah) appears specifically in Jeremiah 31:31, marking the only time this exact phrase is used in the Old Testament.
Related Chapters
Hebrews 8
This New Testament chapter quotes Jeremiah 31 extensively to explain how the New Covenant is fulfilled.
Ezekiel 36
Ezekiel similarly describes a future restoration where God gives His people a new heart and a new spirit.
Exodus 19
This chapter describes the Sinai covenant, which Jeremiah 31 contrasts with the coming New Covenant.
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