1 Samuel Chapter 6 — The Return of the Ark
After suffering from plagues, the Philistines return the Ark of the Covenant to Israel using a cart pulled by cows as a test of divine will.
1The LORD’s ark was in the country of the Philistines seven months.
2The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, “What shall we do with the LORD’s ark? Show us how we should send it to its place.”
3They said, “If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, don’t send it empty; but by all means return a trespass offering to him. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.”
4Then they said, “What should the trespass offering be which we shall return to him?”
5Therefore you shall make images of your tumors and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his hand from you, from your gods, and from your land.
6Why then do you harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn’t they let the people go, and they departed?
7“Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart and two milk cows on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;
8and take the LORD’s ark and lay it on the cart. Put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a box by its side; and send it away, that it may go.
9Behold, if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil; but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us. It was a chance that happened to us.”
10The men did so, and took two milk cows and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home.
11They put the LORD’s ark on the cart, and the box with the golden mice and the images of their tumors.
12The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh. They went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn’t turn away to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them to the border of Beth Shemesh.
13The people of Beth Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.
14The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh, and stood there, where there was a great stone. Then they split the wood of the cart and offered up the cows for a burnt offering to the LORD.
15The Levites took down the LORD’s ark and the box that was with it, in which the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone; and the men of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day to the LORD.
16When the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.
17These are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering to the LORD: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;
18and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even to the great stone on which they set down the LORD’s ark. That stone remains to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh.
19He struck of the men of Beth Shemesh, because they had looked into the LORD’s ark, he struck fifty thousand seventy of the men. Then the people mourned, because the LORD had struck the people with a great slaughter.
20The men of Beth Shemesh said, “Who is able to stand before the LORD, this holy God? To whom shall he go up from us?”
21They sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath Jearim, saying, “The Philistines have brought back the LORD’s ark. Come down and bring it up to yourselves.”
WEB Translation
Notable Verses
1 Samuel 6:9
“Behold, if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil; but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us.”
This verse outlines the specific test the Philistines used to verify that their plagues were a result of divine judgment.
1 Samuel 6:12
“The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh. They went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn’t turn away to the right hand or to the left.”
The unnatural behavior of the cows confirmed to the Philistine lords that the God of Israel was responsible for their suffering.
1 Samuel 6:20
“The men of Beth Shemesh said, “Who is able to stand before the LORD, this holy God? To whom shall he go up from us?””
This question reflects the deep awe and fear the people felt toward God's absolute holiness following the tragedy at Beth Shemesh.
Chapter Summary
The Ark of the LORD remains in Philistine territory for seven months, causing plagues of tumors and mice. Seeking relief, the Philistine leaders consult their priests and diviners, who advise returning the Ark to Israel accompanied by a trespass offering of five golden tumors and five golden mice. To determine if their suffering was truly from God or merely a chance occurrence, they place the Ark on a new cart pulled by two milk cows that have been separated from their calves. If the cows travel toward the Israelite town of Beth Shemesh, it would confirm God's hand in their affliction. The cows travel directly to Beth Shemesh, where the Israelites receive the Ark with joy and offer sacrifices. However, because some men of Beth Shemesh look inside the Ark, God strikes down many of them. Fearing His holiness, the survivors ask the people of Kiriath Jearim to take the Ark into their care.
Frequently Asked Questions
The Philistines returned the Ark because they had suffered for seven months from plagues of tumors and mice, which their priests concluded was a judgment from the God of Israel.
They sent five golden tumors and five golden mice, representing the five major Philistine cities and their lords, as a way to give glory to God and seek healing.
They hitched two milk cows to a cart and separated them from their calves; if the cows instinctively walked toward Israelite territory instead of returning to their young, it proved God was directing them.
The people rejoiced and offered the cows as a burnt offering to God. However, because fifty thousand seventy men looked into the Ark, they were struck down by God for violating His holiness.
Study Note
The use of a new cart and animals that had never been yoked follows an ancient Near Eastern tradition of reserving unused items specifically for sacred or divine purposes.
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